Barcelona, the vibrant capital of Catalonia, has a rich history dating back over 2,000 years. Founded as a Roman city, it has grown into one of Europe’s most culturally significant and economically important urban areas. The city’s historical tapestry is woven with influences from the Roman Empire, the Visigoths, and the Moors, which are still visible in its architecture and urban layout.
The history of Barcelona stretches over 2000 years to its origins as an Iberian village named Barkeno. Its easily defensible location on the coastal plain between the Collserola ridge (512 m) and the Mediterranean Sea, the coastal route between central Europe and the rest of the Iberian peninsula, has ensured its continued importance, if not always preeminence, throughout the ages.
Barcelona is currently a city of 1,620,943, the second largest in Spain, and the capital of the autonomous community of Catalonia. Its wider urban region is home to three-quarters of the population of Catalonia and one-eighth of that of Spain.
The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear. Remains from the Neolithic and early Chalcolithic periods have been found on the coastal plain near the city. The ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighborhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. Later, in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the area was settled by the Laietani, an Ιberian people, at Barkeno on the Tàber hill (in the present-day Ciutat Vella, or “Old City”) and at Laie (or Laiesken), believed to have been located on Montjuïc. Both settlements struck coinage which survives to this day. Some historians have maintained that a small Greek colony, Kallipolis (Καλλίπολις), was founded in the vicinity at around the same period, but conclusive archaeological evidence to support this has not been found.
It is sometimes asserted that the area was occupied c. 230 BC by Carthaginian troops under the leadership of Hamilcar Barca, but this is disputed. The alleged military occupation is often cited as the foundation of the modern city of Barcelona, although the northern limit of the Punic territories up to that time had been the river Ebro, located over 150 km to the south. There is no evidence that Barcelona was ever a Carthaginian settlement, or that its name in antiquity, Barcino, had any connection with the Barcid family of Hamilcar.
Legends about the foundation
At least two founding myths have been proposed for Barcelona by historians since the 15th century. One credits the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, with the foundation of the city around 230 BC, giving it the name Barkenon. Despite the similarities between the name of this Carthaginian family and that of the modern city, it is usually accepted that the origin of the name “Barcelona” is the Iberian word Barkeno.
The second myth attributes the foundation of the city to Hercules[19] before the foundation of Rome. During the fourth of his Labours, Hercules joins Jason and the Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece, travelling across the Mediterranean in nine ships. One of the ships is lost in a storm off the Catalan coast, and Hercules sets out to locate it. He finds it wrecked by a small hill, but with the crew saved. The crew are so taken by the beauty of the location that they found a city with the name Barca Nona (“Ninth Ship”).
Barcelona’s culture stems from the city’s 2000 years of history. Barcelona has historically been a cultural center of reference in the world. To a greater extent than the rest of Catalonia, where Catalonia’s native language Catalan is more dominant, Barcelona is a bilingual city: Catalan and Spanish are both official and widely spoken. Since the arrival of democracy, the Catalan culture (very much repressed during the dictatorship) has experienced a rebirth, both by recovering works from the past and by stimulating the creation of new works. Barcelona is an international hub of highly active and diverse cultural life with theatres, concert halls, cinemas, museums, and high-value architectural heritage.
Why Barcelona is Known
Barcelona is renowned for its unique blend of traditional and modernist architecture, spearheaded by the legendary Antoni Gaudí. The city is also famous for its lively street life, beautiful beaches, world-class dining, and a strong cultural identity. Notably, it’s a city that harmonizes historic charm with contemporary innovation.
Where to Go
- La Sagrada Família: Gaudí’s unfinished masterpiece, this basilica is an iconic symbol of Barcelona and a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- Park Güell: Another Gaudí creation, this public park offers whimsical designs and panoramic views of the city.
- La Rambla: This bustling street is perfect for a leisurely stroll, lined with shops, cafes, and street performers.
- Gothic Quarter (Barri Gòtic): Wander through narrow medieval streets filled with history, charming squares, and Gothic architecture.
- Casa Batlló and Casa Milà (La Pedrera): Stunning modernist buildings designed by Gaudí.
- Magic Fountain of Montjuïc: Enjoy a captivating light and music show in the evenings.
- Montjuïc Hill: Home to the 1992 Olympic facilities, a castle, and beautiful gardens.
- Beaches: Barceloneta Beach and Bogatell Beach are popular spots to relax by the Mediterranean Sea.
Places to Stay
Barcelona offers a wide range of accommodations to suit all budgets and preferences:
- Luxury: Hotel Arts Barcelona, Mandarin Oriental
- Mid-Range: Hotel 1898, Room Mate Emma
- Budget: Hostel One Paralelo, Generator Barcelona
Food
Barcelona’s food scene is a culinary delight, reflecting its Mediterranean heritage with a modern twist:
- Tapas: Small dishes perfect for sharing; try patatas bravas, jamón ibérico, and gambas al ajillo.
- Paella: A traditional Spanish rice dish often made with seafood.
- La Boqueria Market: A must-visit for fresh produce, meats, seafood, and ready-to-eat delicacies.
- Cava: Catalonia’s famous sparkling wine.
Weather
Barcelona enjoys a Mediterranean climate:
- Summer (June to August): Hot and humid, with temperatures ranging from 25-30°C (77-86°F).
- Autumn (September to November): Mild and pleasant, ideal for sightseeing.
- Winter (December to February): Mild with occasional rainfall, temperatures between 8-15°C (46-59°F).
- Spring (March to May): Pleasant and warm, perfect for outdoor activities.
Tourism
Tourism is a significant part of Barcelona’s economy. The city attracts millions of visitors each year with its vibrant culture, beautiful architecture, and lively festivals such as La Mercè and Sant Jordi’s Day.
Map
For navigating Barcelona, it’s helpful to have a detailed map, either digital or printed. Google Maps is highly recommended for real-time directions and updates on public transport.
Waterfall
While Barcelona itself doesn’t have waterfalls, nearby natural attractions can be explored:
- Salt de Sallent: Located in the Collsacabra region, it’s the highest waterfall in Catalonia and makes for a great day trip from Barcelona.
Conclusion
Barcelona is a city that captivates every traveler with its blend of history, culture, and modernity. Whether you’re marveling at Gaudí’s architectural wonders, indulging in delicious tapas, or soaking up the sun on its beaches, Barcelona offers an unforgettable experience. Plan your trip with this guide to ensure you make the most of your visit to this enchanting Spanish city.